{"id":840,"date":"2025-04-28T14:32:59","date_gmt":"2025-04-28T13:32:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vflw.io\/1\/?p=840"},"modified":"2025-04-28T17:57:02","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T16:57:02","slug":"840","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/840\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n

Rodney Stark <\/strong><\/p>\n

The Victory of Reason <\/strong><\/p>\n

How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism and Western Success <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/strong>. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a”. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644”.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064f “\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644<\/em>” (The Victory of Reason) \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0651\u062a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u062f\u0633 (mystery and intuition)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u064e\u0631\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646 (introspection) \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/strong>. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0644\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646” \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629- \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a “\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631<\/strong>” \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631: “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/em>” (The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 “\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631” \u0623\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a” \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0631\u064e\u0641. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 “\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631” \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0637\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 “\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631” \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0629\u064b<\/strong>. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629” \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 “\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631” (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629) \u0625\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u064f\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u062d\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a” \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/strong>. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 “\u0647\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Hugh Trevor-Roper) \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 “\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0650\u062f\u064e\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b”. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631”\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 “\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646” (Henri Pirenne) \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 “\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.- \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0629”. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 “\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644”<\/strong> (Fernand Braudel) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 “\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u0643. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a (\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644”. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 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\u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 “\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a” (John Gilchrist)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong>. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629- \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 “\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631” \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

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**<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

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\"<\/a>

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\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 (Millenium). \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 “\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a” (John Macmurray)\u060c “\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f 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<\/h3>\n

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\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644   \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 Rodney Stark The Victory of Reason How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism and Western Success \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064e \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":107450,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[73],"class_list":{"0":"post-840","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-32","8":"tag-73"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=840"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/840\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/107450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}