{"id":31494,"date":"2022-10-18T00:36:22","date_gmt":"2022-10-17T23:36:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/?p=31494"},"modified":"2025-10-29T18:27:55","modified_gmt":"2025-10-29T17:27:55","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
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* * *<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

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* * *<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

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* * *<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

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* * *<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

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* * *<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

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* * *<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

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* * *<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

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<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0637\u064f\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0647.<\/strong><\/p>\n

* * *<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u062a\u064a.<\/h3>\n

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\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0639\u0630\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0630\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0652\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/h3>\n

\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u06a4\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633<\/p>\n

*** *** ***<\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 (\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628 3: 1982.<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 (\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647)\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628 3: 1977.<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\/\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628 4: 1980.<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628 1: 1981.<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628 2: 1993.<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\/\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0628 1: 2003.<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628 2: 1992.<\/p>\n

* \u0646\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0650\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0641\u064a 13\/01\/2009.<\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

** \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a “\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f” (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a). \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642).<\/p>\n

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\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0648 [\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0641\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u067e\u0632\u064a\u0634: 1923]\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0628 \u062a\u060c \u0635 318). (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/p>\n

[2] Cf. Philippe Vallat, F\u0101r\u0101bi et l\u02bc\u00c9cole d\u2019Alexandrie, Des pr\u00e9misses de la connaissance \u00e0 la philosophie politique, Librairie philosophique, Paris, 2004.<\/p>\n

[3] \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u060c 1974\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 “\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631”<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0641” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644(\u0646\u0634\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0666 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0669\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 “\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631” \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 “\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627” \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a “\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0644” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a “\u0625\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f”\u060c \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0647 “\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648”) * \u0627\u0633\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":497,"featured_media":191342,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[73],"class_list":{"0":"post-31494","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-52","8":"tag-73"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31494","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/497"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31494"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31494\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/191342"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31494"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31494"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31494"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}