{"id":26323,"date":"2017-10-31T23:23:15","date_gmt":"2017-10-31T22:23:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/?p=26323"},"modified":"2024-01-08T22:59:24","modified_gmt":"2024-01-08T21:59:24","slug":"500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"500  \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a:  \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629  \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"parallax-text display-table skrollable skrollable-after\" data-top=\"opacity: 1;transform:translate3d(0, 0%, 0)\" data-top-bottom=\"opacity: .50;transform:translate3d(0, 30%,0)\">\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table txt-media\" data-nav=\"\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row parallax skrollable skrollable-after\" data-bottom-top=\"transform:translate3d(0, -20%, 0)\" data-top-bottom=\"transform:translate3d(0, 20%, 0)\">\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<h2>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/h2>\n<h2>\u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/h2>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"chapter1\" class=\"section padding-bg-media bg-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"background-image parallax skrollable skrollable-after\" data-bottom-top=\"transform:translate3d(0, -20%, 0)\" data-top-bottom=\"transform:translate3d(0, 20%, 0)\">\u00a0<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26354\" src=\"http:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/SSSSS-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"837\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"parallax-text display-table skrollable skrollable-after\" data-top=\"opacity: 1;transform:translate3d(0, 0%, 0)\" data-top-bottom=\"opacity: .50;transform:translate3d(0, 30%,0)\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table padding-after-intropicture txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row \">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns animated fadeInUpBig\" data-animation=\"fadeInUpBig\">\n<div>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"picture\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"var-4x3 aligncenter\" title=\" \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642. (Keystone)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/blob\/43570416\/40a1491aa7e145673b07f9a65479e6ec\/318459810-jpg-data.jpg\" alt=\"\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a \" \/>\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1517 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640 95 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table padding-top-none txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row \">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns animated fadeInUpBig\" data-animation=\"fadeInUpBig\">\n<div>\n<h3><strong>\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<div class=\"picture\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"var-4x3 aligncenter\" title=\" \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629. (zvg) (zvg)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/blob\/43122928\/512ae41a37c14d2bf4a3f82e1f817cb0\/froschauer_bibel-data.jpg\" alt=\"\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \" \/>\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629. (zvg)<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1519. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1525. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table padding-top-none txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row \">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns animated fadeInUpBig\" data-animation=\"fadeInUpBig\">\n<div>\n<h3><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a. \u0641\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1529\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n<div class=\"picture\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"var-4x3 aligncenter\" title=\" \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u063a (1847).\u00a0akg-images (akg-images)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/blob\/43160072\/a90aa60c0706fee11c364165ff697cd9\/luthers-gespraech-mit-zwingli-data.jpg\" alt=\"\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \" \/>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u063a (1847).<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1566\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table padding-top-none txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row \">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns animated fadeInUpBig\" data-animation=\"fadeInUpBig\">\n<div>\n<h3><strong>&#8220;\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<p>\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1536. \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629).<\/p>\n<div class=\"picture\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"var-4x3 aligncenter\" title=\" \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 &quot;\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642) L'Escalade&quot; \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 Savoie\u00a0(\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641). (Keystone)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/blob\/43570462\/6ce2d5a34d44499f23be8628a2795c34\/263892015-jpg-data.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 &quot;\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f&quot; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \" \/>\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642) L&#8217;Escalade&#8221; \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 Savoie\u00a0(\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641).<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1536. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table padding-top-none txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row \">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns animated fadeInUpBig\" data-animation=\"fadeInUpBig\">\n<div>\n<h3><strong>\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627: \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"picture\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"var-4x3\" title=\" \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0651\u0644 Kappel\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641. (Keystone)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/blob\/43570538\/fcb142fe5433064e5e7fa5c39eff185d\/291756435-jpg-data.jpg\" alt=\"\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \" \/><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0651\u0644 Kappel\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 &#8220;\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0651\u0644&#8221; Kappel \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0651\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1531. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646 (\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0648).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0651\u064e \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1597 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table padding-top-none txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row \">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns animated fadeInUpBig\" data-animation=\"fadeInUpBig\">\n<div>\n<h3><strong>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0622\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u064f\u0638 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641. \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628 &#8220;\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062f&#8221; Sonderbund \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a \u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1847\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"picture\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"var-4x3 aligncenter\" title=\" \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1528. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. (Keystone)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/blob\/43570656\/b509127bdfbacf98ffd746fb94561db5\/315713965-jpg-data.jpg\" alt=\"\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646 \" \/>\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1528. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627. \u0628\u064a\u062f\u064e \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0633 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table dark padding-small txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row parallax skrollable skrollable-after\" data-bottom-top=\"transform:translate3d(0, -20%, 0)\" data-top-bottom=\"transform:translate3d(0, 20%, 0)\">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns \">\n<h2 class=\"text-normal-bold major text-left\">\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0640 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1908 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0651\u064e \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0640 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"media video-alone\">\n<div>\n<figure><iframe id=\"iFrameResizer0\" class=\"play-swi-video\" title=\"\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\" src=\"https:\/\/tp.srgssr.ch\/p\/standalone?urn=urn:swi:video:43623974&amp;locale=ar\" width=\"100%\" height=\"563\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table dark padding-medium txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter1\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row parallax skrollable skrollable-after\" data-bottom-top=\"transform:translate3d(0, -20%, 0)\" data-top-bottom=\"transform:translate3d(0, 20%, 0)\">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns \">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2 class=\"text-normal-bold major text-left\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns \">\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.musee-reforme.ch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/a>\u00a0\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<article class=\"related-content\" data-content-id=\"303636\" data-content-type-name=\"SIArticle\">\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"var-3x2\" title=\" (swissinfo.ch)\" src=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/image\/305676\/3x2\/305\/203\/d37aa05ad2104c4da58781c3b63dd81b\/rZ\/sriimg20070903_8164305_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"teaser-content\">\n<h3>\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"related-content\" data-content-id=\"350056\" data-content-type-name=\"SIArticle\">\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"var-3x2\" title=\" \" src=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/blob\/43662\/c6cdcb3ad160675690748d04e1a3832f\/sriimg20070822_8129532_2-data.jpg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" \/><\/div>\n<h3>\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641: \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626 \u0622\u062e\u0631<\/h3>\n<div class=\"teaser-content\"><\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"media video-alone\">\n<div>\n<figure><iframe id=\"iFrameResizer1\" class=\"play-swi-video\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \" src=\"https:\/\/tp.srgssr.ch\/p\/standalone?urn=urn:swi:video:43624290&amp;locale=ar\" width=\"100%\" height=\"563\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"chapter2\" class=\"section padding-bg-media bg-media\" data-nav=\"chapter2\">\n<div class=\"background-image parallax skrollable skrollable-after\" data-bottom-top=\"transform:translate3d(0, -20%, 0)\" data-top-bottom=\"transform:translate3d(0, 20%, 0)\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"parallax-text display-table skrollable skrollable-after\" data-top=\"opacity: 1;transform:translate3d(0, 0%, 0)\" data-top-bottom=\"opacity: .50;transform:translate3d(0, 30%,0)\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell\">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns chapter-box chapter-box-position transparency text-left\">\n<h1 class=\"text-normal text-left\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"section padding-txt-media display-table padding-after-intropicture txt-media\" data-nav=\"chapter2\">\n<div class=\"display-table-cell row-wide \">\n<div class=\"row \">\n<div class=\"large-4 medium-12 columns animated fadeInUpBig\" data-animation=\"fadeInUpBig\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"blockquote\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u064c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0649&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"large-8 medium-12 columns uppercase-first-letter\">\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0631\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\/\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1848) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0648 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0640 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0640 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0632 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"iframe\">\n<div aria-describedby=\"html-fragment-43601438\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26351\" src=\"http:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/GRAPHIC.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2511\" height=\"1022\" \/><\/p>\n<figure class=\"op-interactive\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<div id=\"thumbnailwrapper\"><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"arrow bounce fa fa-angle-down\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/ara\/longform\/500-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A-\">\u00a0\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0648<\/a><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627:<\/h2>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"titre-texte\"><a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2h0WkAH\">\u200e\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u202b&#8221;\u202c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0642\u202b&#8221;\u202c \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u202b:\u202c \u202b&#8221;\u202c\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u202b&#8221;\u202c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633!<\/a><\/h2>\n<div class=\"soustitre\" dir=\"rtl\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":26329,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0648\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.1.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Middle East Transparent - The liberal website of the Middle East\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"500 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 - Middle East Transparent\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/ROFORMERS.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/ROFORMERS.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"700\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"361\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-10-31T22:23:15+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-08T21:59:24+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"500 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 - Middle East Transparent\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/ROFORMERS.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"BlogPosting\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#blogposting\",\"name\":\"500 \\u0639\\u0627\\u0645 \\u0645\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0635\\u0644\\u0627\\u062d \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u064a\\u0646\\u064a: \\u0633\\u0648\\u064a\\u0633\\u0631\\u0627.. \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0647\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0622\\u062e\\u0631 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0631\\u0648\\u062a\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0646\\u062a\\u064a\\u0629 - Middle East Transparent\",\"headline\":\"500  \\u0639\\u0627\\u0645 \\u0645\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0635\\u0644\\u0627\\u062d \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u064a\\u0646\\u064a:  \\u0633\\u0648\\u064a\\u0633\\u0631\\u0627.. \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0647\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0622\\u062e\\u0631 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0631\\u0648\\u062a\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0646\\u062a\\u064a\\u0629  \\u00a0\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/swissinfoar\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/10\\\/ROFORMERS.jpg\",\"width\":700,\"height\":361},\"datePublished\":\"2017-10-31T23:23:15+01:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-08T22:59:24+01:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"Optional\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"500  \\u0639\\u0627\\u0645 \\u0645\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0635\\u0644\\u0627\\u062d \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u064a\\u0646\\u064a:  \\u0633\\u0648\\u064a\\u0633\\u0631\\u0627.. \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0647\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0622\\u062e\\u0631 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0631\\u0648\\u062a\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0646\\u062a\\u064a\\u0629  \\u00a0\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"500  \\u0639\\u0627\\u0645 \\u0645\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0635\\u0644\\u0627\\u062d \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u064a\\u0646\\u064a:  \\u0633\\u0648\\u064a\\u0633\\u0631\\u0627.. \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0647\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0622\\u062e\\u0631 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0631\\u0648\\u062a\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0646\\u062a\\u064a\\u0629  \\u00a0\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Middle East Transparent\",\"description\":\"The liberal website of the Middle East\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/09\\\/logo-middle-east-transparent.png\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#organizationLogo\",\"width\":320,\"height\":107},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#organizationLogo\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/swissinfoar\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/swissinfoar\\\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0633\\u0648\\u064a\\u0633 \\u0623\\u0646\\u0641\\u0648\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#authorImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/61d935b259a1ce3e836461bc8eb16e2f8cf2be52159cbd5abb5c26f255e89115?s=96&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"\\u0633\\u0648\\u064a\\u0633 \\u0623\\u0646\\u0641\\u0648\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/\",\"name\":\"500 \\u0639\\u0627\\u0645 \\u0645\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0635\\u0644\\u0627\\u062d \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u064a\\u0646\\u064a: \\u0633\\u0648\\u064a\\u0633\\u0631\\u0627.. \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u0647\\u062f \\u0627\\u0644\\u0622\\u062e\\u0631 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0631\\u0648\\u062a\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0646\\u062a\\u064a\\u0629 - Middle East Transparent\",\"description\":\"\\u064a\\u062d\\u062a\\u0641\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0644\\u0645 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0628\\u0631\\u0648\\u062a\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0646\\u062a\\u064a \\u0641\\u064a \\u0647\\u0630\\u0627 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0645 2017 \\u0628\\u0645\\u0631\\u0648\\u0631 \\u0646\\u0635\\u0641 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0644\\u0641\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0639\\u0644\\u0649 \\u0628\\u062f\\u0621 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0635\\u0644\\u0627\\u062d. \\u0648\\u0628\\u0627\\u0644\\u0641\\u0639\\u0644\\u060c \\u0642\\u0627\\u0645 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0631\\u0627\\u0647\\u0628 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0644\\u0645\\u0627\\u0646\\u064a \\u0645\\u0627\\u0631\\u062a\\u0646 \\u0644\\u0648\\u062b\\u0631 \\u0628\\u0646\\u0634\\u0631 \\u0623\\u0637\\u0631\\u0648\\u062d\\u0627\\u062a\\u0647 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0640\\u062e\\u0645\\u0633 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0633\\u0639\\u064a\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0634\\u0647\\u064a\\u0631\\u0629 \\u0639\\u0644\\u0649 \\u0628\\u0627\\u0628 \\u0643\\u0646\\u064a\\u0633\\u0629 \\u0641\\u064a\\u062a\\u0646\\u0628\\u0631\\u063a\\u060c \\u0641\\u064a \\u0648\\u0644\\u0627\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0633\\u0643\\u0633\\u0648\\u0646\\u064a\\u0627 \\u0628\\u0623\\u0644\\u0645\\u0627\\u0646\\u064a\\u0627\\u060c \\u0628\\u062a\\u0627\\u0631\\u064a\\u062e 31 \\u0623\\u0643\\u062a\\u0648\\u0628\\u0631 1517\\u060c \\u062d\\u064a\\u062b \\u0646\\u062f\\u0651\\u064e\\u062f\\u064e \\u0628\\u0628\\u0639\\u0636 \\u0645\\u0645\\u0627\\u0631\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0643\\u0646\\u064a\\u0633\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0643\\u0627\\u062b\\u0648\\u0644\\u064a\\u0643\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0641\\u064a \\u0630\\u0644\\u0643 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u0642\\u062a\\u060c \\u0643\\u0628\\u064a\\u0639 \\u0635\\u0643\\u0648\\u0643 \\u0627\\u0644\\u063a\\u0641\\u0631\\u0627\\u0646. \\u0648\\u0633\\u062c\\u0651\\u064e\\u0644 \\u0647\\u0630\\u0627 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u062f\\u064a\\u062f \\u0628\\u062f\\u0627\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0625\\u0635\\u0644\\u0627\\u062d \\u0627\\u0644\\u0628\\u0631\\u0648\\u062a\\u0633\\u062a\\u0627\\u0646\\u062a\\u064a \\u0641\\u064a \\u0623\\u0644\\u0645\\u0627\\u0646\\u064a\\u0627\\u060c\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#breadcrumblist\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/swissinfoar\\\/#author\"},\"creator\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/swissinfoar\\\/#author\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/10\\\/ROFORMERS.jpg\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#mainImage\",\"width\":700,\"height\":361},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\\\/#mainImage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2017-10-31T23:23:15+01:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-08T22:59:24+01:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/\",\"name\":\"Middle East Transparent\",\"alternateName\":\"MET\",\"description\":\"The liberal website of the Middle East\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/middleeasttransparent.com\\\/ar\\\/#organization\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"500 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 - Middle East Transparent","description":"\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c","canonical_url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#blogposting","name":"500 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 - Middle East Transparent","headline":"500  \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a:  \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629  \u00a0","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/author\/swissinfoar\/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/#organization"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/ROFORMERS.jpg","width":700,"height":361},"datePublished":"2017-10-31T23:23:15+01:00","dateModified":"2024-01-08T22:59:24+01:00","inLanguage":"ar","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#webpage"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#webpage"},"articleSection":"Optional"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#listItem","name":"500  \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a:  \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629  \u00a0"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"500  \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a:  \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629  \u00a0","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/#listItem","name":"Home"}}]},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/#organization","name":"Middle East Transparent","description":"The liberal website of the Middle East","url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/logo-middle-east-transparent.png","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#organizationLogo","width":320,"height":107},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#organizationLogo"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/author\/swissinfoar\/#author","url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/author\/swissinfoar\/","name":"\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0648","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#authorImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/61d935b259a1ce3e836461bc8eb16e2f8cf2be52159cbd5abb5c26f255e89115?s=96&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0648"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/","name":"500 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 - Middle East Transparent","description":"\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c","inLanguage":"ar","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/author\/swissinfoar\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/author\/swissinfoar\/#author"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/ROFORMERS.jpg","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#mainImage","width":700,"height":361},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/#mainImage"},"datePublished":"2017-10-31T23:23:15+01:00","dateModified":"2024-01-08T22:59:24+01:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/#website","url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/","name":"Middle East Transparent","alternateName":"MET","description":"The liberal website of the Middle East","inLanguage":"ar","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/#organization"}}]},"og:locale":"ar_AR","og:site_name":"Middle East Transparent - The liberal website of the Middle East","og:type":"article","og:title":"500 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 - Middle East Transparent","og:description":"\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c","og:url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/","og:image":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/ROFORMERS.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/ROFORMERS.jpg","og:image:width":700,"og:image:height":361,"article:published_time":"2017-10-31T22:23:15+00:00","article:modified_time":"2024-01-08T21:59:24+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"500 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 - Middle East Transparent","twitter:description":"\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1517\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c","twitter:image":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/ROFORMERS.jpg"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"26323","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_custom_image_width":null,"og_custom_image_height":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"none","tabs":null,"priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"created":"2025-12-08 14:37:57","updated":"2026-08-05 03:20:57","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null,"primary_term":null,"og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"twitter_image_url":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"BlogPosting","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"limit_modified_date":false,"ai":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t500  \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a:  \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629   \n\t\t<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/"},{"label":"500  \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a:  \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629  \u00a0","link":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/500-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af-%d8%a7\/"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26323"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26323\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26329"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}