{"id":190929,"date":"2025-10-18T21:08:04","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T20:08:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/?p=190929"},"modified":"2025-10-18T21:08:04","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T20:08:04","slug":"%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%90%d9%91%d9%82%d9%91-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%80%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%aa-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%90%d9%91%d9%82%d9%91-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%80%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%aa-2\/","title":{"rendered":"“\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627” \u0644\u0640”\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644”: \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0650\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u064f\u0646\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c \u0636\u062f\u0651\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1619 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0623 “\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u0640 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0640”\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0650\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0636\u0650\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0651\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627” \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 “\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1831\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a “\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633”. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0631\u062c\u0644 “\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0631” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1807\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647: “\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0628\u0651\u062e\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062b\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0646\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621”. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 28 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a “\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633”. \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1788 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a “\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0648\u062f” \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0647. \u00a0\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0648\u062f” (1781). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1802\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1848. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1792\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1865\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1906 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a “\u0639\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645” \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062a\u0651\u064f\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064c \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1947\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a “\u062f\u064a \u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633”\u060c \u0641\u064a 245 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064c \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0641\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064f\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u061b \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0646\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1809\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0622\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0639\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0647\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0634\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1810 \u0641\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0631 (1891 – 1956)\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064f\u0651\u0638\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1843. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 “\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0641\u0629” \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0648” \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 “\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627”. \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064c \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u063a\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631” \u0644\u0640 \u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0622\u0633\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0634\u0631\u0650\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 1941 \u06481965. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064c \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0626\u0629. \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0627 “\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645”\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629. \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0630\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0637\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0631”\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631” \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0641\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0650\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0650\u0651\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062c\u062f 1632 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0651\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0632\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 75 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0641\u064f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627. \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0641\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640”\u0634\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646” \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064c\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627”\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1844\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0641\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u064f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1835 \u06481855.<\/p>\n

* \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u0651 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0650\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00a0\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u064f\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c \u0636\u062f\u0651\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":344,"featured_media":190933,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-190929","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-32"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/190929","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/344"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=190929"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/190929\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/190933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=190929"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=190929"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=190929"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}