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Can the Turkish Model be Applied Successfully in Egypt?  Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies Vol. 15, No. 1, May 2013. Chicago 2013, pp. 64-91]]. <\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629  \u0623\u0632\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f 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The Washington Monthly, November 2004]]<br \/>\n.<\/p>\n<p> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Serif Mardin)  \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0630 (Hakan Yavuz) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 &#8220;\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0630&#8221;[[Yavuz, M. Hakan, Is There a Turkish Islam? The Emergence of Convergence and Consensus. 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Turkish Studies,Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 145\u2013165, June 2005]].  <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img4847|center><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0643 (Paul Wittek) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1938[[Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, London 1938, pp. 7-14]] \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647&#8221; 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New York 1968. Pp 202-215. \u0648 Minkov, Anton, Conversion to Islam in the Balkans. Leiden 2004, pp. 18-24]]. <\/p>\n<p> <strong><br \/>\n\u0623\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0645 (Tengrism) \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643<\/strong> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0626\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0651\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221;[[http:\/\/www.alsharq.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/robert_chatterjee_zenith_01_11.pdf \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u064a\u063a]] . (Shaman).  \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f (KaraKhanid) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 (999-1211) \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0637\u0651\u064a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. <\/p>\n<p> \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b &#8220;\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0630&#8221; \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0626\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627\u0646&#8221; (shaman) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a[[\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Golden, Peter B., The Karakhanids and early Islam, in: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, the cambridge university press 1990, pp. 363-364]].  \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627.<\/p>\n<p> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\/ \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631  \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a. <strong>\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645[[Lewis, Bernard, The Emergence of Modern Turkey. 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Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. 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Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response. Oxford 2002, p.21]].  \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. <\/p>\n<p><img4846|center><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1721 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642\u0647. \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a (Ebu Bekir Ratib Efendi)  \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u06461791-92 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629[[Ibid., p. 27]].  <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. <\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646&#8221; 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In: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3. (Jul., 1972), pp. 243-281]].  <\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1808 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0630\u062a\u0647\u0645 (\u062a\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0644\u0643). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0642 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; 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