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\u062c\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a) \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u2013 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623\u0647 \u2013 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 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\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645<br \/>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631). \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 (Other Things Being Equal).<\/p>\n<p>\u0632.. \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0649 28 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1948\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b. <\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0639\u0647 (\u0641\u0649 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1949) \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 (\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629) \u2013 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0643. <\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 (\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a). <\/p>\n<p> saidalashmawy@hotmail<\/p>\n<p>* \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=18245&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u061f (21)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=18177&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (20)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=18100&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (19)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=18046&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (18)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17973&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (17)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17958&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (16)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17862&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u061f (15)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17793&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u061f (14)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17742&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (13) (\u0623)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17677&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (12)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17598&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (11)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17547&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (10)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17508&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (9)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17441&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (8)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17392&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (7)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17333&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (6)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17273&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (5)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17212&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u061f (4)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17160&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (3)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=17087&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (2)<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasttransparent.com\/spip.php?page=article&#038;id_article=16769&#038;var_lang=ar&#038;lang=ar\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (1)<\/a> 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