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\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.shaffaf.net\/local\/cache-vignettes\/L300xH441\/war-of-independence-1-8d2b5.jpg\")
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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a”\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1807. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629” \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\nralphghadban@gmail.com<\/p>\n
* \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a<\/h2>\n
[1<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Kassem, Taha, The Rise of Political Islam. Can the Turkish Model be Applied Successfully in Egypt? Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies Vol. 15, No. 1, May 2013. Chicago 2013, pp. 64-91<\/p>\n[2<\/a>] Hirsch, Michael, Bernard Lewis revisited, What if Islam isn\u2019t an obstacle to democracy in the Middle East, but the secret to achieving it? The Washington Monthly, November 2004<\/p>\n[3<\/a>] Yavuz, M. Hakan, Is There a Turkish Islam? The Emergence of Convergence and Consensus. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 2, October 2004<\/p>\n[4<\/a>] Mardin, Serif, Turkish Islamic Exceptionalism Yesterday and Today: Continuity, Rupture and Reconstruction in Operational Codes. Turkish Studies,Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 145\u2013165, June 2005<\/p>\n[5<\/a>] Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, London 1938, pp. 7-14<\/p>\n[6<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Cahen, Claude, Pre-Ottoman Turkey 1071-1330. New York 1968. Pp 202-215. \u0648 Minkov, Anton, Conversion to Islam in the Balkans. Leiden 2004, pp. 18-24<\/p>\n[7<\/a>] http:\/\/www.alsharq.de\/wp-content\/up…<\/a> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u064a\u063a<\/p>\n[8<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Golden, Peter B., The Karakhanids and early Islam, in: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, the cambridge university press 1990, pp. 363-364<\/p>\n[9<\/a>] Lewis, Bernard, The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London 1968, p. 15<\/p>\n[10<\/a>] Thierry Zarcone, Angela Hobart (ed.) Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. London 2013<\/p>\n[11<\/a>] Schacht, Joseph, An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford 1982, pp. 90-91<\/p>\n[12<\/a>] Bernard, What went wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response. Oxford 2002, p.21<\/p>\n[13<\/a>] Ibid., p. 27<\/p>\n[14<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Karpat, Kemal H., The Transformation of Ottoman Sate, 1789-1908. In: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3. (Jul., 1972), pp. 243-281<\/p>\n*<\/p>\n
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\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.shaffaf.net\/local\/cache-vignettes\/L343xH454\/sirhinidi-76629.png\")
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[1<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford 2001, p. 107<\/p>\n[2<\/a>] Schimmel, Annemarie, Mystische Dimensionen des Islam. Die Geschichte des Sufismus. M\u00fcnchen 1992, pp. 516-519<\/p>\n[3<\/a>] Weismann, Itzchak, The Naqshbandiyya. Orthodoxy and Activism in a Worldwide Sufi Tradition. New York 2007, pp. 25ff<\/p>\n[4<\/a>] Weissman, ibid., p. 142<\/p>\n[5<\/a>] Atasoy, Yildiz, Beyond Tradition and Resistance. Islamic Politics and Global Relationd of Power. The Case of Turkey: 1839-1990. Toronto 1998, p. 110<\/p>\n[6<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., ibid., pp.97 ff<\/p>\n[7<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., ibid., pp. 89ff<\/p>\n[8<\/a>] \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0635. 337<\/p>\n[9<\/a>] Renan, Ernest, L\u2019islamisme et la science. Conf\u00e9rence faite \u00e0 la Sorbonne le 29 Mars 1883. Paris 1883<\/p>\n[10<\/a>] Guida, Michelangelo, Al-Afgh\u0101n\u012b and Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019s Replies to Ernest Renan: Two Anti-Westernist Works in the Formative Stage of Islamist Thought. Turkish Journal of Politics Vol. 2 No. 2 Winter 2011, pp. 57-70 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06291998<\/p>\n*<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0![\"url\"](\"http:\/\/vflw.io\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/url.jpg\")
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\n![\"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f](\"http:\/\/www.islamist-movements.com\/upload\/photo\/parags\/1\/2\/470.jpg\")
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\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n
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\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/strong>. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e) \u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 “\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0629” \u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0628\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f (1839-1861) \u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a” \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1839 \u0643\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a”\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1807. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629” \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\nralphghadban@gmail.com<\/p>\n
* \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a<\/h2>\n
[1<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Kassem, Taha, The Rise of Political Islam. Can the Turkish Model be Applied Successfully in Egypt? Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies Vol. 15, No. 1, May 2013. Chicago 2013, pp. 64-91<\/p>\n[2<\/a>] Hirsch, Michael, Bernard Lewis revisited, What if Islam isn\u2019t an obstacle to democracy in the Middle East, but the secret to achieving it? The Washington Monthly, November 2004<\/p>\n[3<\/a>] Yavuz, M. Hakan, Is There a Turkish Islam? The Emergence of Convergence and Consensus. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 2, October 2004<\/p>\n[4<\/a>] Mardin, Serif, Turkish Islamic Exceptionalism Yesterday and Today: Continuity, Rupture and Reconstruction in Operational Codes. Turkish Studies,Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 145\u2013165, June 2005<\/p>\n[5<\/a>] Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, London 1938, pp. 7-14<\/p>\n[6<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Cahen, Claude, Pre-Ottoman Turkey 1071-1330. New York 1968. Pp 202-215. \u0648 Minkov, Anton, Conversion to Islam in the Balkans. Leiden 2004, pp. 18-24<\/p>\n[7<\/a>] http:\/\/www.alsharq.de\/wp-content\/up…<\/a> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u064a\u063a<\/p>\n[8<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Golden, Peter B., The Karakhanids and early Islam, in: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, the cambridge university press 1990, pp. 363-364<\/p>\n[9<\/a>] Lewis, Bernard, The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London 1968, p. 15<\/p>\n[10<\/a>] Thierry Zarcone, Angela Hobart (ed.) Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. London 2013<\/p>\n[11<\/a>] Schacht, Joseph, An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford 1982, pp. 90-91<\/p>\n[12<\/a>] Bernard, What went wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response. Oxford 2002, p.21<\/p>\n[13<\/a>] Ibid., p. 27<\/p>\n[14<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Karpat, Kemal H., The Transformation of Ottoman Sate, 1789-1908. In: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3. (Jul., 1972), pp. 243-281<\/p>\n*<\/p>\n
<\/a>\u200e<\/p>\n\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/em><\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a: \u0647\u0644<\/h1>\n\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u061f (3\/2)<\/h1>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645” \u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 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[1<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford 2001, p. 107<\/p>\n[2<\/a>] Schimmel, Annemarie, Mystische Dimensionen des Islam. Die Geschichte des Sufismus. M\u00fcnchen 1992, pp. 516-519<\/p>\n[3<\/a>] Weismann, Itzchak, The Naqshbandiyya. Orthodoxy and Activism in a Worldwide Sufi Tradition. New York 2007, pp. 25ff<\/p>\n[4<\/a>] Weissman, ibid., p. 142<\/p>\n[5<\/a>] Atasoy, Yildiz, Beyond Tradition and Resistance. Islamic Politics and Global Relationd of Power. The Case of Turkey: 1839-1990. Toronto 1998, p. 110<\/p>\n[6<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., ibid., pp.97 ff<\/p>\n[7<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., ibid., pp. 89ff<\/p>\n[8<\/a>] \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0635. 337<\/p>\n[9<\/a>] Renan, Ernest, L\u2019islamisme et la science. Conf\u00e9rence faite \u00e0 la Sorbonne le 29 Mars 1883. Paris 1883<\/p>\n[10<\/a>] Guida, Michelangelo, Al-Afgh\u0101n\u012b and Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019s Replies to Ernest Renan: Two Anti-Westernist Works in the Formative Stage of Islamist Thought. Turkish Journal of Politics Vol. 2 No. 2 Winter 2011, pp. 57-70 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06291998<\/p>\n*<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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(Shaman). \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f (KaraKhanid) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 (999-1211) \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0637\u0651\u064a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 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\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f (1839-1861) \u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a” \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1839 \u0643\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 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\u0639\u0627\u0645 1807. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629” \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\n ralphghadban@gmail.com<\/p>\n * \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n [1<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Kassem, Taha, The Rise of Political Islam. Can the Turkish Model be Applied Successfully in Egypt? Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies Vol. 15, No. 1, May 2013. Chicago 2013, pp. 64-91<\/p>\n [2<\/a>] Hirsch, Michael, Bernard Lewis revisited, What if Islam isn\u2019t an obstacle to democracy in the Middle East, but the secret to achieving it? The Washington Monthly, November 2004<\/p>\n [3<\/a>] Yavuz, M. Hakan, Is There a Turkish Islam? The Emergence of Convergence and Consensus. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 2, October 2004<\/p>\n [4<\/a>] Mardin, Serif, Turkish Islamic Exceptionalism Yesterday and Today: Continuity, Rupture and Reconstruction in Operational Codes. Turkish Studies,Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 145\u2013165, June 2005<\/p>\n [5<\/a>] Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, London 1938, pp. 7-14<\/p>\n [6<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Cahen, Claude, Pre-Ottoman Turkey 1071-1330. New York 1968. Pp 202-215. \u0648 Minkov, Anton, Conversion to Islam in the Balkans. Leiden 2004, pp. 18-24<\/p>\n [7<\/a>] http:\/\/www.alsharq.de\/wp-content\/up…<\/a> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u064a\u063a<\/p>\n [8<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Golden, Peter B., The Karakhanids and early Islam, in: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, the cambridge university press 1990, pp. 363-364<\/p>\n [9<\/a>] Lewis, Bernard, The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London 1968, p. 15<\/p>\n [10<\/a>] Thierry Zarcone, Angela Hobart (ed.) Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. London 2013<\/p>\n [11<\/a>] Schacht, Joseph, An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford 1982, pp. 90-91<\/p>\n [12<\/a>] Bernard, What went wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response. Oxford 2002, p.21<\/p>\n [13<\/a>] Ibid., p. 27<\/p>\n [14<\/a>] \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Karpat, Kemal H., The Transformation of Ottoman Sate, 1789-1908. In: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3. (Jul., 1972), pp. 243-281<\/p>\n *<\/p>\n \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/em><\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645” \u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0651\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a. <\/strong><\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u061f (2\/1) <\/strong>http:\/\/www.shaffaf.net\/archives\/spip.php?pag…<\/a><\/p>\n [1<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford 2001, p. 107<\/p>\n [2<\/a>] Schimmel, Annemarie, Mystische Dimensionen des Islam. Die Geschichte des Sufismus. M\u00fcnchen 1992, pp. 516-519<\/p>\n [3<\/a>] Weismann, Itzchak, The Naqshbandiyya. Orthodoxy and Activism in a Worldwide Sufi Tradition. New York 2007, pp. 25ff<\/p>\n [4<\/a>] Weissman, ibid., p. 142<\/p>\n [5<\/a>] Atasoy, Yildiz, Beyond Tradition and Resistance. Islamic Politics and Global Relationd of Power. The Case of Turkey: 1839-1990. Toronto 1998, p. 110<\/p>\n [6<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., ibid., pp.97 ff<\/p>\n [7<\/a>] Karpat, Kemal H., ibid., pp. 89ff<\/p>\n [8<\/a>] \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0635. 337<\/p>\n [9<\/a>] Renan, Ernest, L\u2019islamisme et la science. Conf\u00e9rence faite \u00e0 la Sorbonne le 29 Mars 1883. Paris 1883<\/p>\n [10<\/a>] Guida, Michelangelo, Al-Afgh\u0101n\u012b and Nam\u0131k Kemal\u2019s Replies to Ernest Renan: Two Anti-Westernist Works in the Formative Stage of Islamist Thought. Turkish Journal of Politics Vol. 2 No. 2 Winter 2011, pp. 57-70 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06291998<\/p>\n *<\/p>\n<\/div>\n \u00a0 <\/p>\n \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0651\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0641\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 *<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n*<\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/h2>\n
<\/a><\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/h2>\n
<\/a><\/div>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n
<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\u200e<\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a: \u0647\u0644<\/h1>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n
<\/a><\/div>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 <\/strong><\/h2>\n
<\/a><\/div>\n<\/a><\/div>\n\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a<\/h1>\n
<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0661\u0669\u0662\u0662<\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a: \u0647\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u061f (3\/3)<\/h1>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 <\/strong><\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n