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dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"s1\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629: &#8220;\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a) \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>*<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-111667 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/felix-429x600.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"429\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/felix-429x600.png 429w, https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/felix-150x210.png 150w, https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/felix.png 446w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u062d\u0633\u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0627&#8221;:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633 &#8211; \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a &#8211; \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u00ab<span class=\"citationTemplate\"><span class=\"script-arabic\">\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/span><\/span>\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a <a title=\"\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7\">\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a 11\u00a0<a title=\"\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1\">\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a title=\"\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1\">\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1877\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1877\">1877<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0648\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0648 &#8211; \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 &#8211; \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u00a0<a title=\"\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA\">\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0636\u00a0<a title=\"\u0633\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%84\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0635\u063a\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0632\u0631\u062c\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Genealogy_of_Edmund_Dzier\u017cy\u0144ski_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A#cite_note-Genealogy_of_Edmund_Dzier%C5%BCy%C5%84ski-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.AA.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.A6.D9.87_.D9.84.D9.84.D8.AD.D8.B2.D8.A8\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647_\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a&#8221;<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0637\u064f\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1897\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1897\">1897<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u00a0<a title=\"\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7\">\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<a title=\"\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88\">\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648<\/a>\u00a0\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 &#8211; (SDPP) &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644<strong>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA\">\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a<\/a><\/strong>. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1898\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1898\">1898<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 3 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1899\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1899\">1899<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062b\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Genealogy_of_Edmund_Dzier\u017cy\u0144ski_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A#cite_note-Genealogy_of_Edmund_Dzier%C5%BCy%C5%84ski-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D8.A3.D8.AB.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.A1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AB.D9.88.D8.B1.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D9.84.D8.B4.D9.81.D9.8A.D8.A9\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621_\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0631\u062d\u0628 \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0628\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1917\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1917\">1917<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7\">\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00a0<a title=\"\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1917 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1_1917&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a title=\"\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\">\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"1917\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1917\">1917<\/a>\u00a0\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u00a0<a title=\"\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA\">\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/a>. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1922\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1922\">1922<\/a>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u00ab<span class=\"citationTemplate\"><span class=\"script-arabic\">\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648.<\/span><\/span>\u00bb <strong>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0<a title=\"\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u00a0<a title=\"\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A\">\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7\">\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u00a0<a title=\"\u0628\u0644\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1920\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1920\">1920<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A#cite_note-ReferenceA-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D8.A2.D8.AE.D8.B1_.D8.B3.D9.86.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0622\u062e\u0631_\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u00a0<a title=\"\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86\">\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u00a0<a title=\"\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u00a0<i>\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/i>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1924\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1924\">1924<\/a>\u00a0\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u00a0<a title=\"\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0631\u064a\u0641\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u063a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A#cite_note-ReferenceA-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.88.D9.81.D8.A7.D8.A9\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_111670\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-111670\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-111670\" src=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/stalincoffin-600x393.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/stalincoffin-600x393.png 600w, https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/stalincoffin-150x98.png 150w, https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/stalincoffin-450x294.png 450w, https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/stalincoffin-214x140.png 214w, https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/stalincoffin.png 709w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-111670\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a. \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a 20\u00a0<a title=\"\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88\">\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a title=\"\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2\">\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1926\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1926\">1926<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u00a0<a title=\"\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2 class=\"post-title\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/fr\/viktor-bout-trafiquant-darmes-echange-par-les-etats-unis-reconverti-en-depute-sur-la-volga\/\">Viktor Bout, trafiquant d\u2019armes \u00e9chang\u00e9 par les Etats-Unis, reconverti en d\u00e9put\u00e9 sur la Volga<\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641&#8221; &nbsp; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a&#8221; \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0650\u0628&#8221; \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 &#8220;\u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a&#8221; \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u00a0 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646. &nbsp; \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a (\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 15 \u0633\u0646\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":111658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-111656","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-48"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111656","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=111656"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111656\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/111658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111656"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=111656"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/middleeasttransparent.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=111656"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}